Linux From Scratch

Table of Contents

• Preface

  • Foreword
  • Audience
  • LFS Target Architectures
  • Prerequisites
  • LFS and Standards
  • Rationale for Packages in the Book
  • Typography
  • Structure
  • Errata and Security Advisories

• I. Introduction

  • 1. Introduction

    • How to Build an LFS System
    • What's new since the last release
    • Changelog
    • Resources
    • Help

• II. Preparing for the Build

  • 2. Preparing the Host System

    • Introduction
    • Host System Requirements
    • Building LFS in Stages
    • Creating a New Partition
    • Creating a File System on the Partition
    • Setting the $LFS Variable and the Umask
    • Mounting the New Partition

  • 3. Packages and Patches

    • Introduction
    • All Packages
    • Needed Patches

  • 4. Final Preparations

    • Introduction
    • Creating a Limited Directory Layout in the LFS Filesystem
    • Adding the LFS User
    • Setting Up the Environment
    • About SBUs
    • About the Test Suites

• III. Building the LFS Cross Toolchain and Temporary Tools

  • Important Preliminary Material

    • Introduction
    • Toolchain Technical Notes
    • General Compilation Instructions

  • 5. Compiling a Cross-Toolchain

    • Introduction
    • Binutils-2.45 - Pass 1
    • GCC-15.2.0 - Pass 1
    • Linux-6.16.9 API Headers
    • Glibc-2.42
    • Libstdc++ from GCC-15.2.0

  • 6. Cross Compiling Temporary Tools

    • Introduction
    • M4-1.4.20
    • Ncurses-6.5-20250809
    • Bash-5.3
    • Coreutils-9.8
    • Diffutils-3.12
    • File-5.46
    • Findutils-4.10.0
    • Gawk-5.3.2
    • Grep-3.12
    • Gzip-1.14
    • Make-4.4.1
    • Patch-2.8
    • Sed-4.9
    • Tar-1.35
    • Xz-5.8.1
    • Binutils-2.45 - Pass 2
    • GCC-15.2.0 - Pass 2

  • 7. Entering Chroot and Building Additional Temporary Tools

    • Introduction
    • Changing Ownership
    • Preparing Virtual Kernel File Systems
    • Entering the Chroot Environment
    • Creating Directories
    • Creating Essential Files and Symlinks
    • Gettext-0.26
    • Bison-3.8.2
    • Perl-5.42.0
    • Python-3.13.7
    • Texinfo-7.2
    • Util-linux-2.41.2
    • Cleaning up and Saving the Temporary System

• IV. Building the LFS System

  • 8. Installing Basic System Software

    • Introduction
    • Package Management
    • Man-pages-6.15
    • Iana-Etc-20250926
    • Glibc-2.42
    • Zlib-1.3.1
    • Bzip2-1.0.8
    • Xz-5.8.1
    • Lz4-1.10.0
    • Zstd-1.5.7
    • File-5.46
    • Readline-8.3
    • Pcre2-10.46
    • M4-1.4.20
    • Bc-7.0.3
    • Flex-2.6.4
    • Tcl-8.6.17
    • Expect-5.45.4
    • DejaGNU-1.6.3
    • Pkgconf-2.5.1
    • Binutils-2.45
    • GMP-6.3.0
    • MPFR-4.2.2
    • MPC-1.3.1
    • Attr-2.5.2
    • Acl-2.3.2
    • Libcap-2.76
    • Libxcrypt-4.4.38
    • Shadow-4.18.0
    • GCC-15.2.0
    • Ncurses-6.5-20250809
    • Sed-4.9
    • Psmisc-23.7
    • Gettext-0.26
    • Bison-3.8.2
    • Grep-3.12
    • Bash-5.3
    • Libtool-2.5.4
    • GDBM-1.26
    • Gperf-3.3
    • Expat-2.7.3
    • Inetutils-2.6
    • Less-679
    • Perl-5.42.0
    • XML::Parser-2.47
    • Intltool-0.51.0
    • Autoconf-2.72
    • Automake-1.18.1
    • OpenSSL-3.5.4
    • Libelf from Elfutils-0.193
    • Libffi-3.5.2
    • Sqlite-3500400
    • Python-3.13.7
    • Flit-Core-3.12.0
    • Packaging-25.0
    • Wheel-0.46.1
    • Setuptools-80.9.0
    • Ninja-1.13.1
    • Meson-1.9.1
    • Kmod-34.2
    • Coreutils-9.8
    • Diffutils-3.12
    • Gawk-5.3.2
    • Findutils-4.10.0
    • Groff-1.23.0
    • GRUB-2.12
    • Gzip-1.14
    • IPRoute2-6.16.0
    • Kbd-2.9.0
    • Libpipeline-1.5.8
    • Make-4.4.1
    • Patch-2.8
    • Tar-1.35
    • Texinfo-7.2
    • Vim-9.1.1806
    • MarkupSafe-3.0.3
    • Jinja2-3.1.6
    • Udev from Systemd-258
    • Man-DB-2.13.1
    • Procps-ng-4.0.5
    • Util-linux-2.41.2
    • E2fsprogs-1.47.3
    • Sysklogd-2.7.2
    • SysVinit-3.14
    • About Debugging Symbols
    • Stripping
    • Cleaning Up

  • 9. System Configuration

    • Introduction
    • LFS-Bootscripts-20250827
    • Overview of Device and Module Handling
    • Managing Devices
    • General Network Configuration
    • System V Bootscript Usage and Configuration
    • Configuring the System Locale
    • Creating the /etc/inputrc File
    • Creating the /etc/shells File

  • 10. Making the LFS System Bootable

    • Introduction
    • Creating the /etc/fstab File
    • Linux-6.16.9
    • Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process

  • 11. The End

    • The End
    • Get Counted
    • Rebooting the System
    • Additional Resources
    • Getting Started After LFS

• V. Appendices

  • A. Acronyms and Terms
  • B. Acknowledgments
  • C. Dependencies
  • D. Boot and sysconfig scripts version-20250827
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/rc
    • /lib/lsb/init-functions
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/mountvirtfs
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/modules
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/udev
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/swap
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/checkfs
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/mountfs
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/cleanfs
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/console
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/localnet
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/sysctl
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/sysklogd
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/network
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/sendsignals
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/reboot
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt
    • /etc/rc.d/init.d/template
    • /etc/sysconfig/modules
    • /etc/sysconfig/createfiles
    • /etc/sysconfig/udev-retry
    • /sbin/ifup
    • /sbin/ifdown
    • /lib/services/ipv4-static
    • /lib/services/ipv4-static-route
  • E. Udev configuration rules
    • 55-lfs.rules
  • F. LFS Licenses
    • Creative Commons License
    • The MIT License

• Index